Ключові слова
двооксид карбону
каталізатор
метанол
етанол
диметиловий етер
вуглеводні
Як цитувати
Анотація
CO2 – шкідливий парниковий газ, продукт викидів хімічних виробництв, згоряння викопного палива та автомобільних вихлопів, одночасно є загальнодоступним джерелом карбону. В огляді розглядаються різні шляхи гідрогенізації діоксиду карбону в компоненти моторних палив – метанол, диметиловий етер, етанол, вуглеводні – в присутності гетерогенних каталізаторів. На кожному маршруті перетворення CO2 (в оксигенати або вуглеводні) першою стадією є утворення СО за оберненою реакцією водяного газу, що необхідно враховувати при виборі каталізаторів процесу. Аналізується вплив хімічної природи, питомої поверхні, розміру часток і взаємодії між компонентами каталізатора, а також способу його одержання на перебіг процесів перетворення СО2.
Зазначається, що основними активними компонентами перетворення СО2 в метанол є атоми і йони міді, що взаємодіють з оксидними складовими каталізатора. Простежуєтьсяпозитивний вплив на активність традиційного мідь-цинк-алюмінійоксидного каталізатора синтезу метанолу з синтез-газу добавок оксидів інших металів, зокрема тих, що мають сильні основні центри на поверхні. Найактивнішими каталізаторами синтезу диметилового етеру (ДМЕ) з СО2 і Н2 є біфункціональні, що, поряд з каталізатором синтезу метанолу, містять дегідратуючий компонент, наприклад, мезопористі цеоліти з кислотними центрами слабкої та середньої сили, рівномірно розподіленими на поверхні.
Синтез вуглеводнів бензинового ряду (≥ С5) здійснюється на поліфункціональних каталізаторах, що також містять цеоліти, через утворення СО або СН3ОН і ДМЕ як проміжних продуктів. Гідрогенізація СО2 в етанол може розглядатися як альтернатива синтезу етанолу через гідратацію етилену, основними проблемами залишаються жорсткі умови синтезу, висока енергія активації діоксиду вуглецю, а також висока селективність за вуглеводнями, зокрема, за метаном.
Подальше підвищення селективності і ефективності процесів гідрогенізації діоксиду вуглецю передбачає використання нанорозмірних каталізаторів з урахуванням механізму реакцій перетворення СО2, розробку способів вилучення із зони реакції надлишкової води як бічного продукту та підвищення стабільності каталізаторів у часі.
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