Анотація
Проаналізовано основні переваги та недоліки твердофазних каталізаторів для реакцій переестерифікації олій спиртами. Проведено випробування синтезованих нами сульфованих та фосфатованих твердих каталізаторів у реакції переестерифікації ріпакової олії 96% етанолом з метою одержання біодизелю. Було порівняно хімічну стійкість сульфованих синтетичних (S-СКС) та синтезованих із природної сировини (S-КАУ) каталізаторів. Визначено причини низької хімічної стійкості сульфованих вуглецевих матеріалів. Синтетичні каталізатори S-СКС виявилися найменш стійкими. Реакцію етанолізу здійснювали в автоклавах під тиском при температурі 150-160оС з тривалістю процесу 5-7 год при співвідношеннях каталізатор : олія = 1г :15мл, олія : етанол = 3:4 заоб’ємом. Максимальна конверсія за даних умов випробування у першому циклі для сульфованих каталізаторів складала 100%, а для фосфатованих - 94%. Регенерацію фосфатованих зразків проводили шляхом відмивання каталізатору від залишків олії та продуктів реакції у киплячому розчині 0.1 М лугу з подальшою багаторазовою промивкою дистильованою водою до слаболужного рН. Було розроблено вуглецьвмісний каталізатор на керамічному носії, який можна регенерувати шляхом випалювання вуглецьвмісного матеріалу та нанесенням нового. Даний каталізатор показав найвищу хімічну стійкість, витримавши 7 циклів, при цьому конверсія знизилась на 14% (з 89 до 75%). Для ефективного використання каталізатора запропоновано схему проточно-циркуляційної установки переестерифікації олій і жирів спиртами.
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